I spent way too much time on mapping the Free Imperial City of Bern. The chronology has 56 relations.
I spent way too much time on mapping the Free Imperial City of Bern. The chronology has 56 relations.
@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern
Braun & Bechtold stress that diets were a diplomatic sphere sui generis, especially with regard to the ceremonial, that differed not only from courtly #diplomacy but also from #emdiplomcy at #peacecongresses, although both of course were points of references.
Furthermore, they ask for more comparative studies that compare the Imperial diet in its different forms as diplomatic spheres and places of international interaction with other assemblies of the estates, such as the Swiss Tagsatzung or the Polish Sjem.
Only the, can we understand the characteristics of #emdiplomacy at assemblies of the estates. (7/7)
@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern
Because of ceremonial difficulties for foreign diplomats and other points of conflicts Braun stress that the perpetual diet could not fully develop its supranational dimension despite Regensburg being an important international meeting point. (6/7)
@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern
Bechtold and Braun describe the Imperial diets as a “dual sphere of non-permanent multilateral diplomatic interaction”, meaning on the one hand they where a place for internal diplomatic interaction between the members of the #HRE. On the other hand, the diets were news hubs and attracted the attention of foreign powers who sent their diplomats to the diet in order to gather news and advance their own interests.
Moreover, especially in the 17th and 18th c foreign powers held territories within the #HRE making their diplomats not only visitors to the diet but members. E.g. Sweden held several votes in the college of princes. (5/7)
#Rubens was the son of Flemish refugees in the #HRE. He was born in #Siegen in 1577. Later his family moved back to #Antwerp. Rubens received a humanist education. In 1592 he began his apprenticeship as an artist which he concluded six years later. Between 1600 and 1608 he stayed in #Italy. During this time, in 1603, he was dispatched on his first diplomatic mission. On the commission of the Duke of #Gonzaga, he handed over gifts to king Philip III of #Spain. However, he used his stay there to deepen and refine his artistic skills through studying the royal art collection. (2/6)
#emdiplomacy #earlymodern #NewDiplomaticHistory #histodons #history #courtStudies #adventCalendar #adventCalendar2024
Lauck graduated from the #university of #Marburg in 1548. He started his career as a scribe and interpreter for the French #envoy in Marburg. However, after a few years he continued his studies abroad in #Paris, #Bourges, #Bologna and #Padua. In 1559 where he had acquired a doctorate both in civil and church law from the university of Bourges. Thereafter, he entered into the service of Philipp, landgrave of #Hesse, and worked at the Hessian Supreme court (#Hofgericht). After the death of his master Lauck became a councillor in the chancery of Philipp’s son Louis of Hesse-Marburg. (2/4)
#emdiplomacy #NewDiplomaticHistory #court #history #histodons #earlymodern #HRE #adventcalendar #AdventCalendar2024
#emdiplomat of the day: David Lauck (1528-1590)
David Lauck is a prime example for a scholarly councillor, a new type of political actor who was increasingly encountered in diplomacy and assisted the noble advisor of the prince. This development accompanied the emergence of the #earlymodern state and the establishment of permanent central authorities being established at European #courts during the 16th century. (1/4)
#emdiplomacy #AdventCalendar #AdventCalendar2024 #NewDiplomaticHistory #HRE #history #histodons #CourtStudies
HRE: Ten Mercenaries Killed, Eight Others Wounded in Retaliatory Actions
Afrin Liberation Forces (HRE) published a statement providing information about their latest actions against the Turkish army and its jihadist mercenary troops in northern Syria. According to the statement, at least ten mercenaries were killed and eight others wounded in the Turkish occupation zone in Afrin and Azaz within two days.
Regarding the details of the latest actions on 22-23 November, the HRE stated the following:
On 22 November, a mercenary was shot dead by a sniper in the enemy line in Azaz. An enemy squad that tried to recover the body was also targeted and another mercenary was killed.
On 23 November, a mercenary was killed by a HRE sniper in the Shera region of Afrin.
On the same day, HRE units overrun the positions of the invasion troops in the Azaz region. Seven mercenaries were killed and eight more were wounded during the raid.
On the other hand, HRE units targeted the reinforcement troops that then moved into the combat zone to retrieve the casualties. The number of mercenaries killed or injured here couldn’t be clarified, but a vehicle with a mounted machine gun was destroyed.
In other news YPG International made a statement on the occasion of International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, November 25th, saying the following:
“Today, states’ capitalist and class system is based on thousands of years of exploitation, oppression and violence against women. All around the world, we can see how patriarchal violence against women is reaching new heights. But if this violence has lasted for thousands of years, the resistance of women against it is also thousands of years old.
In every country, in every continent of the world, the struggle for the liberation of women has been systematically at the forefront of the struggle. One of the brightest examples of this legacy of resistance can be seen here, in Kurdistan and in the Rojava revolution. Here, the Kurdistan women’s movement has been the vanguard in the struggle for the transformation and liberation of life. Here, we learned that the liberation of society cannot be achieved without the liberation of women. The struggle for women’s freedom is the struggle for the freedom of everyone.
As men, as revolutionaries, it is our fundamental duty to make the struggle against patriarchy an essential part of our daily practice and struggle, and to reject and overcome every aspect that patriarchy has influenced in behaviour, mentality or action.
We are calling on every man to fight against the male-dominant system outside and inside themselves. We are sending with admiration and with the deepest respect our greeting to the Kurdistan women’s movement and all women’s movements around the world fighting against patriarchal violence. We draw a lot of inspiration and strength from their resistance.
Biji berxwedana YPJ (Long live the YPJ resistance), Jin, Jiyan, Azadi (Woman, Life, Freedom).”
The Afrin Liberation Forces (HRE) announced the results of their actions directed against the Turkish forces and allied mercenaries in North-East Syria from 9 September to 9 October.
“The occupying Turkish state is mercilessly attacking our people for the entire world to see and targeting the pioneers of the revolution. In response to these current attacks, we have carried out a series of retaliatory actions, especially for our recent martyrs,” said the HRE statement on Sunday, providing the following details about the actions:
“On 9 September, 2 mercenaries were killed in the Azaz region.
On 10 September, a raid was carried out against the occupying mercenary groups in the Bab region. As a result of this raid, 3 mercenaries were killed and 4 others were wounded. A loaded truck was also destroyed.
On 11 September, 1 Turkish soldier was killed as a result of a special action in the Shera region, while 1 mercenary was killed by a sniper action in the Marea region on the same day.
On 17 September, our forces carried out a raid against the occupying mercenary groups in the Azaz region and 5 mercenaries were killed.
On 23 September, 1 mercenary was killed in a sniper attack in the Azaz region.
On 23 September, 2 soldiers of the occupying Turkish state were wounded in a special action carried out in the Bab region.
On 7 October, 1 mercenary was killed in a sniper attack in the Shera region.
On 8 October, 1 soldier of the occupying Turkish state was killed and 2 soldiers were wounded in a special action in the Bab region.
On 9 October, 2 soldiers of the occupying Turkish state were wounded in a special action in the Mare region. On the same day, in the Sharawa region, our forces, together with special teams, entered the invaders’ positions and tents, effectively hitting the invaders and their positions with grenades and individual weapons. The positions and half of the 12 DShK weapons were destroyed, and the invaders’ weapons and equipment were seized. As a result of this action, a commander of the Faylaq al-Sham mercenaries, named Nadir Hesen, was killed, while 9 invaders were wounded. At the same time, 2 AK-47 pistols, 6 AK-47 cartridges, some ammunition, 1 AK-47 rifle, HYTERA pistol, flash and cards were seized.
As a result of these actions by our forces, 2 soldiers of the occupying Turkish state and 22 mercenaries were killed, 6 soldiers of the occupying Turkish state and 7 mercenaries were wounded.”
Source: ANF News
The Afrin Liberation Forces (HRE) have announced the death of their co-founder Karker Tolhildan (Ridvan Ulugana). The HRE commander was killed in an attack in the Afrin region on 10 June 2023. The command of the liberation forces, founded after the Turkish occupation of Afrin, expressed its condolences to Tolhildan’s family and the people.
The HRE said that Karker Tolhildan was one of the heroes of the Rojava revolution and added: “The revolution in Rojava has gone through intense and chaotic times. Each phase ushered in a new era and produced its own heroes and heroines. Afrin was already a target of attacks by jihadist gangs in the first years of the revolution. The region was besieged and was the scene of fierce fighting. The attacks culminated in the 2018 occupation. As Afrin’s Liberation Forces, we continue the fight against the occupation without interruption.”
As reported by the HRE, Karker Tolhildan went to Afrin in 2013 with a guerrilla group from the Amanos Mountains across the Turkish-Syrian border. He came from the Serhed region in North Kurdistan (Bakur) and defended Rojava for ten years against attacks by the Al-Nusra Front, ISIS and the Turkish state. The Amanos group played an important role both in defending the revolution and in the fight against ISIS. Its members took on command roles on various fronts and, with the liberation offensives in the ISIS-occupied areas, contributed to the revolution in Northern and Eastern Syria emerging from Rojava. Some of the group fell in Afrin, others in Kobanê and other areas.
When the Turkish state attacked Afrin in early 2018, Karker Tolhildan coordinated the resistance in the Yazidi village of Qestel Cindo in the Şera district. After the region was completely occupied, he was one of the founders of the HRE, the units that fight for the liberation of Afrin ever since. The HRE describe him as a commander who coordinated many effective actions against the Turkish occupiers and their jihadist proxies and was on the front lines with his fighters.
The HRE said: “Although he was injured several times, he did not give up his fight. He was a commander who knew war and life and who trained himself and his fighters ideologically and militarily 24 hours a day. Hevalê Karker thwarted many of the enemy’s plans and was able to escape from seemingly hopeless situations several times.”
The HRE added: “Wherever Commander Karker was, there was no pessimism and no hopelessness. His words and actions were consistent. With his attitude, courage and bravery, he took a place in the hearts of the people of Afrin. He was from Serhed, but he was just as much an Afrin resistance fighter. He left a great legacy to all our people and especially to the people of Rojava. His greatest goal was the liberation of Afrin, and we are indebted to him. As HRE, we will continue to fight until we can return to Afrin.”The Afrin Liberation Forces released a statement announcing the death of two of their fighters in the Turkish-occupied Afrin city.
The HRE statement on Monday said: “The Kurdish people, the owners of these ancient lands, have always faced policies of attack, genocide and destruction since history and have been left alone. The above-ground and underground, cultural and geographical riches have become a place of occupation for the enemy. With the emergence of the genius and ideas of Leader Apo (Abdullah Öcalan), especially with the determinations and analyses he made, Leader Apo said ‘Kurdistan is a colony’ and started the freedom march. Our people, who were on the verge of extinction, found their existence in the thoughts and philosophy of Leader Apo. It rebuilt itself from the ashes, revived and developed. One of the cities of Kurdistan that took its place in the struggle and resistance for the unique victory of our freedom march is our city of Afrin.”
According to the statement, HRE fighter Xalid Mihemed was martyred in the Shera district of Afrin in a brutal attack of the occupation forces on 7 September. “Xalid Mihemed, who was born into a patriotic family, grew up attached to his culture. Based on his principles, he did unprecedented work for his people so that they could return to their lands.”
HRE fighter Kemal Pîr, on the other hand, was born in Rajo district into a patriotic family committed to Kurdish culture and identity. “With the beginning of the Rojava Freedom Revolution, our comrade grew up in the revolution while he was still young. Especially when al-Nusra, ISIS and various bloodthirsty groups attacked our people with the support of the occupying Turkish state, our comrade Kemal Pîr went to the frontlines of battle. Comrade Kemal showed that he could protect our people against the attacks of the enemy thanks to a strong struggle and a great will. He gained important war experience in this process. In the reality of our country, Comrade Kemal became a true fighter. He both deepened himself in the field of military training and gained knowledge in the field of military culture. He shared everything he learnt with those around him. Because of these intelligent and knowledgeable features, he gained great love among his friends. After the occupying Turkish state invaded Afrin in 2018, our comrade moved to the front lines with his companions and joined the war of freedom and honour against the occupying Turkish army and gangs. Comrade Kemal participated in the freedom march with big dreams and goals from the day he joined until the last moment. In the most difficult places and times, he did his duty with no concerns on the front lines. He always selflessly fulfilled the duties and responsibilities of the time for our people to return to their lands and to end the oppression and occupation on our lands. Comrade Kemal was martyred in the Afrin region on 7 September 2024 while on duty.”
HRE expressed their condolences to the families of the fallen fighters and to the patriotic people, reiterating their promise to their people and their martyrs that they would follow in the footsteps of their fallen companions and liberate the city of Afrin from occupation.
The identity information of the two fighters is as follows:
Nom de Guerre: Kemal Pîr
First-Last Name: Loqman Henan
Mother’s Name: Emîne
Father’s Name: Reşîd
Date and Place of Martyrdom: 7 September 2024/Afrin
*****
Nom de Guerre: Xalid Mihemed Mihemed
Mother’s Name: Xaliye
Father’s Name: Mihemed
Date and Place of Martyrdom: 7 September 2024/Afrin
In other news, the Press Center of the People’s Defense Forces (HPG) said in a statement that guerrillas Amed Efrîn, Firat Sêrt and Fedakar Yadigar, fell as martyrs in July in attacks by the Turkish army in the Xakurke region of South Kurdistan. The HPG paid tribute to the martyrs, saying they were revolutionary militants and selfless bearers of hope for the Kurdish people, and expressed their condolences to their families and the people.
The HPG provided the following information on the identity and biographies of the fallen soldiers from Rojava and Bakur:
Code name: Amed Efrîn
First and last name: Zeki Hasan
Place of birth: Efrîn
Names of mother and father: Zeynep – Muhammed
Date and place of death: July 20, 2024 / Xakurkê
Code name: Firat Sêrt
First and last name: Mehmet Selçuk
Place of birth: Sêrt
Names of mother and father: Asya – Haci Gurî
Date and place of death: July 20, 2024 / Xakurkê
Code name: Fedakar Yadigar
First and last name: Mücahit Önal
Place of birth: Mûş
Names of mother and father: Yadigar – Selahattin
Date and place of death: July 21, 2024 / Xakurkê
Amed Efrîn
Amed Efrîn was born in Efrîn-Jindirês and grew up in an environment close to the Kurdish freedom movement. He attended a state school for six years and experienced the oppression of the Kurdish population by the Syrian regime first hand. As an adolescent, he was involved in the revolutionary youth movement in Northern Syria, and in 2012 he joined the Kurdistan Freedom Guerrilla. After basic training in the Medya Defense Areas, he took on various tasks in the mountains.
When he wanted to return to Northern Syria to defend the revolution in Rojava, he was arrested by the Assad regime. A year later, he was released and went back to the mountains. There he took part in ideological training and intensively analyzed Abdullah Öcalan and his own personality.
He then went to Xakurke and took part in tunnel construction and the construction of infrastructure. When the Turkish occupation attack on the region began, he fought on the front lines. During an attack on 20 July, he fell as a martyr.
Firat Sêrt
Firat Sêrt was born in Sêrt-Berwarî and grew up in the culture typical of the Botan region. He was already familiar with the Kurdish liberation movement as a child and admired the guerrillas. After eight years of classes at state schools, where he had to speak Turkish instead of his mother tongue Kurmancî, he began working to support his family.
When ISIS attacked Kobanê in 2014 with the support of the Turkish state, Firat decided to join the armed resistance and went to the mountains. He took part in training for new fighters in the Medya Defense Areas and then did practical training in various regions in South Kurdistan.
He was last deployed in Xakurke, where he took part in the resistance against the Turkish occupation as an apoist militant. “Our comrade Firat fought for the values he believed in until the last moment of his life. On 20 July 2024, he joined the caravan of the martyrs during an enemy attack and thus went down in the history of our people’s struggle.”
Fedakar Yadigar
Fedakar Yadigar was born in Mûş and grew up in an atmosphere shaped by the Kurdish resistance tradition. In his environment there was a high level of awareness of the freedom struggle and Fedakar became a sympathizer of the PKK at an early age.
From 2012, he worked as an active member of the Kurdish youth movement. Deeply affected by the massacres committed by ISIS with the support of the Turkish state in Rojava and Shengal as well as by the liberation of Kobanê, which was fought for at great sacrifice, he joined the guerrillas in Bakur (North Kurdistan) in 2015. He quickly got used to the collective life of the guerrillas in the mountains and, after training, he went to Xakurke, where he took part in practical work and carried out difficult tasks.
Guerrilla Fedakar Yadigar was killed in an enemy attack on 21 July 2024. “He defended Kurdistan at the cost of his life,” the HPG said.
There is still so much work to do with regard to #emdiplomacy within the #HRE. Maybe you have to be a bit nerdy to develop a soft spot for the #HRE, but come on...
I have wtitten a #emdiplomacy handbook chapter on #diplomacy within the HolyRomanEmpire (#HRE) last year. This was a challenging task, I have to admit.
The @emdiplomacy #handbook clearly shows that we need to pay more attention to internal forms of #emdiplomacy, especially when we look at such complex entities as the #HolyRomanEmpire.
https://hcommons.social/@emdiplomacy/112653376007353219
#history #histodons #HRE #earlymodernEurope #diplomacy @earlymodern @historikerinnen @histodons
#OTD 1519 d. HRE Maximilian I His life's ambition was to contain the power of France through war & marriage. He married the duchess of Burgundy allied his children with the Spanish royal house & his grandchildren with Hungary and Bohemia. Maximilian became a byword for shifty diplomacy. He once told his grandson, Charles, that Charles could dupe the English, whilst he duped the French. http://bit.ly/1q0trDB . Pic by Albrecht Durer. Kunthoristiches Museum, #histodons #maximilian #HRE